The diverse and dynamic region of West Africa offers a compelling lens through which to examine the broader trends shaping Africa’s engagement with Western powers.

Historically marked by colonial legacies and uneven power relations, West Africa is now witnessing both a resurgence of Western interest spurred by geopolitical considerations and a growing assertiveness from West African states seeking to redefine partnerships on their own terms.

Colonialism’s Enduring Influence

The historical imprint of colonialism continues to shape West Africa’s interactions with former colonial powers, particularly France. The CFA franc monetary system, still used by several West African nations, is seen by some as a neocolonial mechanism limiting economic sovereignty.

Yet, the recent decision by Benin and other former French colonies to move away from the CFA franc marks a symbolic shift towards greater financial autonomy. Furthermore, growing activism in countries like Mali and Burkina Faso calls for a deeper reckoning with the colonial past and a re-evaluation of France’s military footprint in the region.

Geostrategic Competition in the Sahel

The Sahel region of West Africa has emerged as a focal point of geopolitical competition. France’s reduced military presence in the region, coupled with the rise of militant groups, has provided a greater opening for Russia’s Wagner Group to gain a foothold.

Western concerns about growing Russian influence, alongside anxieties over increasing instability and humanitarian crises, fuel renewed Western security engagement in West Africa. However, accusations of human rights abuses by West African militaries complicate potential alliances.

Diversifying Partnerships and the Rise of China

West African nations are increasingly diversifying their economic and political partnerships beyond traditional Western powers.

China’s massive investments in West African infrastructure under the Belt and Road Initiative have made it a significant economic player. This provides a potential alternative to Western-dominated financial institutions, though it also raises concerns about non-transparent deals and the risk of unsustainable debt burdens for West African nations.

Regional Integration and West African Agency

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), despite its challenges, plays a growing role in shaping regional responses to issues like security threats, trade, and democracy promotion.

ECOWAS’ strong stance in suspending Mali and Burkina Faso following recent military coups exemplifies the bloc’s willingness to assert regional leadership and uphold shared norms. The West’s response to these regional initiatives reflects how it must adapt to a more multifaceted landscape of African agency in international affairs.

Opportunities and Challenges Ahead

West Africa’s engagement with the West reflects a complex mix of historical burdens, present-day strategic interests, and aspirations for greater autonomy. Opportunities abound for mutually beneficial cooperation on issues such as combating climate change, fostering sustainable energy transitions, and promoting technological innovation.

The recently launched U.S.-West Africa Trade and Investment Partnership highlights a renewed focus on the region’s economic potential. Yet, persistent challenges remain, including the need to address historical injustices, ensure equitable trade practices, and foster inclusive governance models that promote stability and prosperity across West African nations.

So What Now?

West Africa provides a microcosm of the wider evolution happening within Africa’s relationships with global powers. The region’s historical ties, strategic significance, and growing economic potential make it an arena where both the potential for transformative partnerships and the risks of renewed competition will play out in the coming decades.

Success will depend on the West’s capacity to acknowledge the past, redefine relations built on true equality, and support West Africa’s own development vision as articulated through institutions like ECOWAS.